[1] Europeans enjoy unprecedented levels of personal

mobility, while goods are shipped rapidly and efficiently

from factory to customer, often in different countries. The

[4] European Union (UN) has stimulated this freedom of

movement by opening national markets and by removing

physical and technical obstacles. But today’s transport

[7] patterns and growth rates are unsustainable.

Moving people and goods quickly, efficiently and

cheaply is a central tenet of the EU’s goal for a dynamic

[10] economy and cohesive society. The transport sector

generates 10% of EU wealth in terms of gross domestic

product (GDP) and provides more than ten million jobs.

[13] The constant growth in mobility puts severe strains

on transport systems. The result is congestion, particularly

for road and air traffic which reduces economic efficiency,

[16] and adds to fuel consumption and to pollution.

Although many aspects of transport policy come

under national governments, it makes sense for the European

[19] single market to have a single transport infrastructure. This

is why the EU has opened national transport markets across

the Union to competition, particularly in the road and air

[22] sectors and, to a lesser extent, for rail.

As a result, trucks can operate in countries other

than their own, and no longer return empty on international

[25] journeys. In 2003, a first liberalisation package opened about

70-80% of long-distance rail freight traffic to competition.

Liberalisation alone cannot solve several

[28] deep-seated problems. These include the dominance of road

over other forms of transport, pollution, and the

fragmentation of transport systems, including poor links to

[31] outlying regions and between national networks.

Congestion charging, where users pay for access to

scarce infrastructure, is also being introduced. One example

[34] is the system, pioneered by London in 2003, which charges

motorists for driving into central districts of town and cities.

Rail is the first target. A freight train in the EU travels at an

[37] average speed of 18 kilometres per hour. Rail must improve

speeds and service levels if it is to attract freight traffic from

roads.

Based on the text, judge the next item.

In London, motorists are supposed to pay when they use their cars downtown.